Ethical Dilemma of Hiv Disclosure in Intimate Relationships

HIV Prevention with Positives in Thailand: Ethical Dilemma of HIV Status Disclosure in intimate relationship. Abstract Every year, there are about ten thousand new HIV infection cases in Thailand. The majority of new HIV transmissions in Thailand have changed from commercial sex to intimate relationships while HIV prevention generally focuses on self protection and universal precaution. In 2003, Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend to integrate HIV preventive measure into routine HIV care. According to a survey of People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) in Thailand, 45% of HIV infections came from transmission between spouses and 10% believed that their partners knew their HIV status before having a relationship.†¦show more content†¦Most of these preventive measures aim at self protection of the general HIV-negative population and vulnerable groups. HIV-positive people have not been included in prevention strategies and messages. Fear of further stigmatization exclude concept of responsibility for health of sexual partner as an alternative strategy and prevention program. (B ayer 1996) However research has shown that after most PLWHA learn their HIV status they reduce their unprotected sex, though some still engage in unsafe sex.(Janssen, Holtgrave, Valdiserri et al. 2001; Marks, Richardson, Crepaz et al. 2002) In 2003, the Centers for Disease Control recommended the ‘Prevention with Positives’ strategy to promote sexual health among PLWHA attending HIV/AIDS clinic and to help reduce onward HIV transmission.(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003) Positive prevention was recommended by UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS); it has been implemented in industrialized countries, and should be a priority in high-prevalence regions.(Bunnell R, J. and K 2006) Advance in medical treatment, especially antiretroviral treatment have improved quality of life and prolongs survival. 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Examine the techniques Iago employs to achieve his aims in the play Othello Free Essays

In traditional Shakespearean tragedies the protagonist is destroyed through their own fatal flaw. The play Othello is different because there is a villain which is unusual for a Shakespearean tragedy. In the play Macbeth, the tragic events occur because of Macbeths own fatal flaw of ambition. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine the techniques Iago employs to achieve his aims in the play Othello or any similar topic only for you Order Now However in the play Othello; Iago, one of the main characters manipulates Othello’s fatal flaw of jealously which leads to the tragic ending of the play. He says how he is using Othello by â€Å"following him I follow but myself†; he is pretending to be loyal to Othello but is really doing it for his own benefit. Iago plans revenge on Othello when he gives Cassio the job of lieutenant instead of to him; he describes himself as â€Å"worth no worse a place† and is showing that he thinks highly of himself. Even after he manages to get Cassio dismissed and replaces him as lieutenant, he still continues to carry out his plan of destruction. This reveals that the reason of Iagos plans are merely just for fun. Iago deceives everyone even Roderigo who supports him, not knowing everything about Iago’s plans, he even questions why he â€Å"ever made a fool my purse† which shows he is only using Roderigo for his own benefit. No-one in the play seems to know what Iago is really like. He manipulates everyone in the play to gain their trust although he only uses them. Cassio praises Iago by saying that he had sung â€Å"an excellent song†, this is because he doesn’t know that it was actually because of Iago that he was dismissed from the job of lieutenant. Iago is seen as a manipulative and evil character, he betrays Othello by telling Brabantio that Desdemona is married to Othello; â€Å"you’re robbed†¦ an old black ram is tupping your white ewe†, he uses crude, sexual imagery to make their marriage seem worse than it is to make Brabantio angry because his daughter got married without his consent. He constantly makes racist comments about Othello; by referring to him as â€Å"thick-lips† and tries to make him seem like a bad character, because in Shakespearean times it was seen as wrong for a white woman to marry a black man. Iago tries to convince himself that Othello has had an affair with is wife; â€Å"I hate the Moor, And it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets He’s done my office. † Iago is jealous even though he is not completely sure that Othello has had an affair with his wife. He treats Emilia badly he tells her to â€Å"be not acknown on’t† he makes her do what he wants and tell her to pretend she does not know anything about Desdemona’s handkerchief. He also makes general bad comments about women; â€Å"she give you so much of her lips as of her tongue† he is saying that Emilia talks too much, something which she shouldn’t do. Iago has a general dislike for women and stabs Emilia when she realises what he has done he also causes Othello to hit Desdemona in public and makes him call her a â€Å"whore† to her face. To make Othello jealous he makes out that Desdemona is having an affair but he only hints, â€Å"Lie – † this makes Othello jump to conclusions and finish off the sentences himself; â€Å"Lie with her? Lie on her? † Iago does not try to correct him â€Å"With her, on her, what you will† he just agrees with what Othello is saying. Sometimes when talking to Othello he says something and immediately takes it back to get Othello curious. Othello gave Desdemona a handkerchief which had been passed through his family, Iago tells Emilia to steal it for him and plants it in Cassio’s bedchamber. He tries to wind up Othello by discretely reminding Othello that Desdemona did not have the handkerchief anymore: â€Å"But if I give my wife a handkerchief†, he is tormenting him with the thought that Desdemona is not acting truly loyal to Othello, like Emilia would to Iago. Shakespeare uses asides and soliloquies throughout the play as a dramatic technique. While talking to Othello, Iago says â€Å"O, you are well turned now! But I’ll set down the pegs that make this music, As honest as I am† it reminds us of Iago’s evil nature, and shows how he is planning Othello’s destruction. Soliloquies are similar to asides in what they do in the play. They remind us of what Iago is planning and also show us what he thinks about what he has achieved so far. How to cite Examine the techniques Iago employs to achieve his aims in the play Othello, Papers

Logging and Pimping and Your Pal, Jim free essay sample

The flattery the narrator first felt turns into a strong liking for Jim. At this point of time, the narrator enjoys being around Jim mostly because of their age difference. Although there was only a three years difference, at times the narrator felt it was more. Growing up as a minister’s son, he was sheltered for the majority of his life. For this reason, the narrator envies all that Jim has gotten to see and go through in his life. Soon they begin to get to know each other and learn what each does outside of logging in the summer. Jim tells the narrator about the two activities he does in the winter. Reading and Pimping. This is when the narrator begins to form a second impression that maybe Jim isn’t such a great guy. Then they start going their separate ways, and begin to hate one another. â€Å"I suppose that the early stage in coming to hate someone is just running out of things to talk about. We will write a custom essay sample on Logging and Pimping and Your Pal, Jim or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I thought then it didn’t make a damn bit of difference to me that he liked his whores big as well as southern,† (Maclean 110). It didn’t take long for them to express their hatred. As partners, they began challenging each other. From not taking breaks to what size of saw they were going to use, the goal was to make the other give up. â€Å"Jim’s pace was set to kill me off-it would kill him eventually too, but first me. So the problem, broadly speaking, was how to throw him off this pace and not quite get caught doing it, because after working a week with this Jack Dempsey at the other end of the saw I knew I’d never have a chance if he took a punch at me,† (Maclean 113). The narrator begins his soundless struggle with Jim by brushing out the plants that get in the way of sawing. When that doesn’t work, he goes slightly off rhythm just to make sure Jim knew what he was doing. The last thing the narrator invented as part of his scheming was breaking the sacred rules of work that were needed to function as a team properly. Later that summer, Jim gets into a pie fight with the cook to show his dominance. After that, he has an affair with a rich rancher’s wife. This is when the narrator realizes how much he really hates Jim. As for me, for the first (and only) time in my life I had spent over a month twenty-four hours a day doing nothing but hating a guy. Now, though, there were times when I thought of other things-it got so that I had to say to myself, â€Å"Don‘t ever get soft and forget to hate this guy for trying to kill you off,†Ã¢â‚¬  (Maclean 116). After the summer comes to a close and on Labor Day weekend, he quit and p repared to return to school, where he could continue hating the man. But before returning to graduate school, he met Jim one more time. After a few drinks together, they decide to meet again the next night at Jim’s house. This is where the narrator realizes that his impressions of Jim were all wrong. â€Å"He was one of those people who turn out not to have some characteristic that you thought was a prominent one when you first met them,† (Maclean 120). I can relate to this quote from the story the most, largely because I get perceived in a negative light when people first meet me. My shyness causes others to think I’m rude, since I will rarely say more than a few words. It’s not until I feel comfortable will I open up; which then causes people’s impressions of me to change. An example of this in the story would be the hatred between the narrator and Jim until the moment when they sit down together and have an actual conversation. Although the impressions the narrator and Jim had towards each other changed throughout the story, the one they ended with was the most important. They were both respectable men who would always be the sawyer pals. Works Cited Maclean, Norman. Logging and Pimping and â€Å"Your Pal, Jim. † Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976. Print.

Symbolic Frame free essay sample

Symbolic Frame I have conducted my internship in International Financial Research Institution of Bank of China during my bachelor degree, acting as a research assistant. We 6 students came from different universities but all majored in Finance, working for Doctor Yuanlong Wang, who is the director of Bank of China (Australia) Ltd and also the director of Bank of China (Canada). For me, my main task was to sort out materials and analyze data for our research team. Xing Zhang, our group leader, had just graduated and would work in Bank of China in a few months.He is an ambitious person who manage his impression as a capable leader and a person who have outstanding communication skills. For the rest of us, we want to act as a talent with superior professional quality and development potential in financial field. Xing Zhang maintained the mutual trust and harmonious relationship with colleagues through active consultation and experience sharing with them. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolic Frame or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He leaded us to do research in an effective way, step by step. And at the same time, we talking about the research in different perspectives, and we all gained many useful new ideas from discussion.We all overdo work to show our solid financial foundation. Once, I made a preliminary conclusion based on financial data materials I had clarified after careful analysis. The conclusion I made and basic data materials I collected played an important role in the progress discussion of our research team, which made me very happy. Li He, another intern in our group through comparison of detailed data, she found out mistakes in documents, which greatly surprised our team. Bank of China is the oldest bank in China. Although it initially functioned as the Chinese central bank, in 1928 the Central Bank of China replaced it in that role.Subsequently, BOC became a purely commercial bank. Talking about the culture of BOC, it must be international. Because the BOC’s main business is foreign exchange business. In addition, December 2010, the Bank of China New York branch began offering RMB products for Americans. This is the first major Chinese bank to offer such a product currently. Without feeling it clearly, I found some rituals in our small research team. We will take a one-hour break everyday in the afternoon, of course free coffee and snacks. During the break time, we talk about each other, talk about the urrent news, and also our research team. Such behavior let us reduce anxiety and ambiguities, especially the first couple of days we came to the institute. From the conversation, I know where I can find more accurate data; what kinds of analysis tools are better; and even where I can buy delicious lunch. One thing that is important about our research team I heard is the photo wall. There is a wall full of photos about persons who make a contribution to a successful research. Even those â€Å"baby researchers† like us, student interns. This is really exciting news for us who are hungry for such special honors.Moreover, people who on photo wall will be rewarded. These rituals reinforce our positive behavior and bond us together closely and make us working hard. Photo wall was always our topic in everyday break time. Although I had no chance to put my picture on the wall at last, but such special and cherish rituals impress me a lot. And I will always remember those hard working and significant days. Our research team was like a boat has a powerful and experienced capital and 6 newer crew. We clearly know our destination. Under the leading of capital, we work together and speed up to the end.Sometimes, we met difficulties; sometimes, we made mistakes; always, we realize that there are mountains of things we need to learn. The colleagues we worked with changed frequently. Because we are all students in university, we only can work here in winter and summer vocations. We cannot figure out where we will meet hidden rocks or what kind of weather should we set the sail. The research team in the future will have a ship with powered and experienced capital and also strong crews. They understand each other and trust each other. Crews’ abundant experience will guide themselves in different circumstance make different decisions.They will corporate happily and moving fast. The differences between these two images are size and facilities of two ships and the capability of crews. Everything we did currently was following commands. We prepared data materials and maybe some preliminary conclusion. In the future, our work will be more effective. We can organize our work by ourselves instead of ask capital every time. With the growing knowledge, we can make more contribution to the research. Hence the ship will end to destination fast. For the interns, they will have more chance to build their career in BOC.The research group has 6 students; one of us is a leader. We all work for Doctor Wang. Every week we work five days (Monday to Friday). Every Monday, we will have a strategy meeting to prepare the work for whole week. Doctor Wang is too busy to participate every meeting, so Zhang, the leader, will host the meeting. At first, we will sum up work we did last week. Then, talk about the research goal of this week and allocate detail work for every person. The Monday meeting at the end of each month, we will review the whole month work, evaluate it, and make an improvement plan for next month. We do our work strictly follow the plan, in order to achieve the goal effectively. Examination and supervision is an essential part of work for us. We check the data materials of each person, make sure the accuracy and authenticity of the data. What’s more, the every day break in our research group is another attractive activity, which pulls us closer together. The research we did is supported by the International Financial Research Institution of Bank of China, and also many universities in China. The every week meeting really organizes our work, avoiding the chaos may happen when we do the same work.The every day break can help us work in a comfortable circumstance and relax us. That is a method to know your colleague and get along with them. My recommendation for the research group has some flaws. We can hardly find the connection between group and public. Most of the things we did are search material and research material. In addition, the support for our research is supported by the company (BOC) itself. I cannot list other supporters easily. The support for a team is like a motivation. And when I think twice about it, is it really necessary for a group has 6 people to have meeting every week?The most content of the meeting is just formal. Maybe we can hardly get the information, and even we have already known the information. It is like a kind of waste of time. Maybe they can reduce such meeting as once a month. And if there is some work to allocate, they can email them; talk to some of them instead of get the entire people together to talk about the work. The script for a team is as important as it for a drama. Depending on it, every one can know what they did, and what they will do. A big plan for the work is more important than meeting again and again.