Ethical Dilemma of Hiv Disclosure in Intimate Relationships

HIV Prevention with Positives in Thailand: Ethical Dilemma of HIV Status Disclosure in intimate relationship. Abstract Every year, there are about ten thousand new HIV infection cases in Thailand. The majority of new HIV transmissions in Thailand have changed from commercial sex to intimate relationships while HIV prevention generally focuses on self protection and universal precaution. In 2003, Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend to integrate HIV preventive measure into routine HIV care. According to a survey of People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) in Thailand, 45% of HIV infections came from transmission between spouses and 10% believed that their partners knew their HIV status before having a relationship.†¦show more content†¦Most of these preventive measures aim at self protection of the general HIV-negative population and vulnerable groups. HIV-positive people have not been included in prevention strategies and messages. Fear of further stigmatization exclude concept of responsibility for health of sexual partner as an alternative strategy and prevention program. (B ayer 1996) However research has shown that after most PLWHA learn their HIV status they reduce their unprotected sex, though some still engage in unsafe sex.(Janssen, Holtgrave, Valdiserri et al. 2001; Marks, Richardson, Crepaz et al. 2002) In 2003, the Centers for Disease Control recommended the ‘Prevention with Positives’ strategy to promote sexual health among PLWHA attending HIV/AIDS clinic and to help reduce onward HIV transmission.(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003) Positive prevention was recommended by UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS); it has been implemented in industrialized countries, and should be a priority in high-prevalence regions.(Bunnell R, J. and K 2006) Advance in medical treatment, especially antiretroviral treatment have improved quality of life and prolongs survival. Antiretroviral treatment also reduces the probability of HIV transmission by reducing virus to undetectable level. (Vernazzaa, Hirschelb, Bernasconic et al. 2008)Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Controversy Over HIV/AIDS Disclosure Law1360 Words   |  6 Pageswith the HIV virus. About six percent of them will not inform their intimate partners about their health condition. Many efforts that have been made over the past decade towards establishing a HIV/AIDS law, have finally paid off. The act of disclosing the virus was written in 1990. It caused quite a stir among the citizens of the United States. Many people concluded that there were holes in the disclosure law concerning HIV/AIDS because it lacked complete thought. Some felt that if HIV positive peopleRead MoreThe Belmont Report Establishes Ethical Standards1954 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Belmont Report establishes ethical standards for researchers seeking to involve human subjects (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1979). Among these standards is respect for persons- the right of people to be treated as autonomous agents (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1979). Privacy, anonymity, and confidentiality (PAC) fall under this standard (Farrimond, 2013). In research studies, privacy refers to an expectation that access to participants informationRead MoreEthical Standards For Mental Health Service Providers3426 Words   |  14 PagesRunning head: ETHICAL STANDARDS EXAM 1 Ethical Standards for Mental Health Service Providers Final Exam Alanna Sampson Yorkville University Question 1 Working within the confines of consulting or private practice the following expectations and code of ethics must be followed according to the CCPA Standards of Practice (2015). ?Foremost, the counselor who is providing the third party service should have a clear understanding as to their role, the relationship with each party, theRead MoreEthical Standards For Mental Health Service Providers2906 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: ETHICAL STANDARDS EXAM 12 Ethical Standards for Mental Health Service Providers Final Exam Alanna Sampson Yorkville University Question 1 Introducing the limits of confidentiality in simple language that a client can understand is the first step in establishing the therapeutic relationship. ?Confidently should be explained to all potential clients with the general understanding that any information gained from the counseling relationship is kept confidential. TheyRead MoreAIDS Case Study Essay2196 Words   |  9 Pageslaboratory and diagnostic tests with Mr. Thomas and informs him he has pneumonia and is HIV positive. Mr. Thomas believes that he contracted HIV while involved in an affair with another woman three years ago. He is afraid to tell his wife, knowing she will be angry and that she may leave him. Case Study: The nurse assigned to care for Mr. Thomas reads in the medical record (chart) that he learned two days ago he was HIV positive. There is a note in the record that indicates that Mr. Thomas has not toldRead MoreBritish Imperialism Of The Nineteenth Century3025 Words   |  13 Pagesanatomical impacts of drugs and alcohol usher’s a grammatical shift in medicine of â€Å"drunks† or â€Å"sots† with â€Å"chronic alcoholics† and â€Å"inebriates†, at the same time addicts were defined as inherently lacking of ethical agency, incapable of assisting themselves. The ramification, was the disclosure of â€Å"possession†. Also, as historians were trying to understand and demystify â€Å"addiction history† they accidentally concretized its similarity use with â€Å"dependence† (Neve, 2005, p. 21). Read MoreQcf 5 Unit 5015985 Words   |  24 PagesLearning outcome 4 4. Be able to use systems for effective information management The learner can: 4.1 Explain legal and ethical tensions between maintaining confidentiality and sharing information 4.2 Analyse the essential features of information sharing agreements within and between organisations 4.3 Demonstrate use of information management systems that meet legal and ethical requirements Your assessor will ask you to complete workbooks, essays etc to cover each unit of this award, which willRead MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 PagesDomestic violence: Moving On A Qualitative Investigation Exploring How women Move On From Violent Relationships Researcher: Carole Le Darcy Supervisor: Dr Sue Becker Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincerest thanks and gratitude to all of the exceptionally strong women that participated in this research that have freely given not only some of their precious and valuable time but have also revealed that which is sadly all too often concealed; the remarkable, courageous and oftenRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesPrinted in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Brief Contents PA RT 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 UNDERSTANDING HRM The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Fundamentals of Strategic HRM 28 PART 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal Employment Opportunity 56 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 PART 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Recruiting 132 Foundations of Selection 154 PARTRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesNetwork Relationships for International Growth Sustaining the Magic at Bang Olufsen Cordys: Innovation in Business Process Management iPod to iPad: Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Apple Grupo Ferrovial and the Acquisition of Amey plc Who Runs Education Now? Mergers and De-mergers in the Public Sector Severstal Queensland Rail: QR Ltd (QR) The Changan-Ford Joint Venture: Same Bed but Different Dreams? TNK-BP: from Russia Without Love – a Joint Venture That Almost Fell Apart International HIV / AIDS

Examine the techniques Iago employs to achieve his aims in the play Othello Free Essays

In traditional Shakespearean tragedies the protagonist is destroyed through their own fatal flaw. The play Othello is different because there is a villain which is unusual for a Shakespearean tragedy. In the play Macbeth, the tragic events occur because of Macbeths own fatal flaw of ambition. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine the techniques Iago employs to achieve his aims in the play Othello or any similar topic only for you Order Now However in the play Othello; Iago, one of the main characters manipulates Othello’s fatal flaw of jealously which leads to the tragic ending of the play. He says how he is using Othello by â€Å"following him I follow but myself†; he is pretending to be loyal to Othello but is really doing it for his own benefit. Iago plans revenge on Othello when he gives Cassio the job of lieutenant instead of to him; he describes himself as â€Å"worth no worse a place† and is showing that he thinks highly of himself. Even after he manages to get Cassio dismissed and replaces him as lieutenant, he still continues to carry out his plan of destruction. This reveals that the reason of Iagos plans are merely just for fun. Iago deceives everyone even Roderigo who supports him, not knowing everything about Iago’s plans, he even questions why he â€Å"ever made a fool my purse† which shows he is only using Roderigo for his own benefit. No-one in the play seems to know what Iago is really like. He manipulates everyone in the play to gain their trust although he only uses them. Cassio praises Iago by saying that he had sung â€Å"an excellent song†, this is because he doesn’t know that it was actually because of Iago that he was dismissed from the job of lieutenant. Iago is seen as a manipulative and evil character, he betrays Othello by telling Brabantio that Desdemona is married to Othello; â€Å"you’re robbed†¦ an old black ram is tupping your white ewe†, he uses crude, sexual imagery to make their marriage seem worse than it is to make Brabantio angry because his daughter got married without his consent. He constantly makes racist comments about Othello; by referring to him as â€Å"thick-lips† and tries to make him seem like a bad character, because in Shakespearean times it was seen as wrong for a white woman to marry a black man. Iago tries to convince himself that Othello has had an affair with is wife; â€Å"I hate the Moor, And it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets He’s done my office. † Iago is jealous even though he is not completely sure that Othello has had an affair with his wife. He treats Emilia badly he tells her to â€Å"be not acknown on’t† he makes her do what he wants and tell her to pretend she does not know anything about Desdemona’s handkerchief. He also makes general bad comments about women; â€Å"she give you so much of her lips as of her tongue† he is saying that Emilia talks too much, something which she shouldn’t do. Iago has a general dislike for women and stabs Emilia when she realises what he has done he also causes Othello to hit Desdemona in public and makes him call her a â€Å"whore† to her face. To make Othello jealous he makes out that Desdemona is having an affair but he only hints, â€Å"Lie – † this makes Othello jump to conclusions and finish off the sentences himself; â€Å"Lie with her? Lie on her? † Iago does not try to correct him â€Å"With her, on her, what you will† he just agrees with what Othello is saying. Sometimes when talking to Othello he says something and immediately takes it back to get Othello curious. Othello gave Desdemona a handkerchief which had been passed through his family, Iago tells Emilia to steal it for him and plants it in Cassio’s bedchamber. He tries to wind up Othello by discretely reminding Othello that Desdemona did not have the handkerchief anymore: â€Å"But if I give my wife a handkerchief†, he is tormenting him with the thought that Desdemona is not acting truly loyal to Othello, like Emilia would to Iago. Shakespeare uses asides and soliloquies throughout the play as a dramatic technique. While talking to Othello, Iago says â€Å"O, you are well turned now! But I’ll set down the pegs that make this music, As honest as I am† it reminds us of Iago’s evil nature, and shows how he is planning Othello’s destruction. Soliloquies are similar to asides in what they do in the play. They remind us of what Iago is planning and also show us what he thinks about what he has achieved so far. How to cite Examine the techniques Iago employs to achieve his aims in the play Othello, Papers

Logging and Pimping and Your Pal, Jim free essay sample

The flattery the narrator first felt turns into a strong liking for Jim. At this point of time, the narrator enjoys being around Jim mostly because of their age difference. Although there was only a three years difference, at times the narrator felt it was more. Growing up as a minister’s son, he was sheltered for the majority of his life. For this reason, the narrator envies all that Jim has gotten to see and go through in his life. Soon they begin to get to know each other and learn what each does outside of logging in the summer. Jim tells the narrator about the two activities he does in the winter. Reading and Pimping. This is when the narrator begins to form a second impression that maybe Jim isn’t such a great guy. Then they start going their separate ways, and begin to hate one another. â€Å"I suppose that the early stage in coming to hate someone is just running out of things to talk about. We will write a custom essay sample on Logging and Pimping and Your Pal, Jim or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I thought then it didn’t make a damn bit of difference to me that he liked his whores big as well as southern,† (Maclean 110). It didn’t take long for them to express their hatred. As partners, they began challenging each other. From not taking breaks to what size of saw they were going to use, the goal was to make the other give up. â€Å"Jim’s pace was set to kill me off-it would kill him eventually too, but first me. So the problem, broadly speaking, was how to throw him off this pace and not quite get caught doing it, because after working a week with this Jack Dempsey at the other end of the saw I knew I’d never have a chance if he took a punch at me,† (Maclean 113). The narrator begins his soundless struggle with Jim by brushing out the plants that get in the way of sawing. When that doesn’t work, he goes slightly off rhythm just to make sure Jim knew what he was doing. The last thing the narrator invented as part of his scheming was breaking the sacred rules of work that were needed to function as a team properly. Later that summer, Jim gets into a pie fight with the cook to show his dominance. After that, he has an affair with a rich rancher’s wife. This is when the narrator realizes how much he really hates Jim. As for me, for the first (and only) time in my life I had spent over a month twenty-four hours a day doing nothing but hating a guy. Now, though, there were times when I thought of other things-it got so that I had to say to myself, â€Å"Don‘t ever get soft and forget to hate this guy for trying to kill you off,†Ã¢â‚¬  (Maclean 116). After the summer comes to a close and on Labor Day weekend, he quit and p repared to return to school, where he could continue hating the man. But before returning to graduate school, he met Jim one more time. After a few drinks together, they decide to meet again the next night at Jim’s house. This is where the narrator realizes that his impressions of Jim were all wrong. â€Å"He was one of those people who turn out not to have some characteristic that you thought was a prominent one when you first met them,† (Maclean 120). I can relate to this quote from the story the most, largely because I get perceived in a negative light when people first meet me. My shyness causes others to think I’m rude, since I will rarely say more than a few words. It’s not until I feel comfortable will I open up; which then causes people’s impressions of me to change. An example of this in the story would be the hatred between the narrator and Jim until the moment when they sit down together and have an actual conversation. Although the impressions the narrator and Jim had towards each other changed throughout the story, the one they ended with was the most important. They were both respectable men who would always be the sawyer pals. Works Cited Maclean, Norman. Logging and Pimping and â€Å"Your Pal, Jim. † Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976. Print.

Symbolic Frame free essay sample

Symbolic Frame I have conducted my internship in International Financial Research Institution of Bank of China during my bachelor degree, acting as a research assistant. We 6 students came from different universities but all majored in Finance, working for Doctor Yuanlong Wang, who is the director of Bank of China (Australia) Ltd and also the director of Bank of China (Canada). For me, my main task was to sort out materials and analyze data for our research team. Xing Zhang, our group leader, had just graduated and would work in Bank of China in a few months.He is an ambitious person who manage his impression as a capable leader and a person who have outstanding communication skills. For the rest of us, we want to act as a talent with superior professional quality and development potential in financial field. Xing Zhang maintained the mutual trust and harmonious relationship with colleagues through active consultation and experience sharing with them. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolic Frame or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He leaded us to do research in an effective way, step by step. And at the same time, we talking about the research in different perspectives, and we all gained many useful new ideas from discussion.We all overdo work to show our solid financial foundation. Once, I made a preliminary conclusion based on financial data materials I had clarified after careful analysis. The conclusion I made and basic data materials I collected played an important role in the progress discussion of our research team, which made me very happy. Li He, another intern in our group through comparison of detailed data, she found out mistakes in documents, which greatly surprised our team. Bank of China is the oldest bank in China. Although it initially functioned as the Chinese central bank, in 1928 the Central Bank of China replaced it in that role.Subsequently, BOC became a purely commercial bank. Talking about the culture of BOC, it must be international. Because the BOC’s main business is foreign exchange business. In addition, December 2010, the Bank of China New York branch began offering RMB products for Americans. This is the first major Chinese bank to offer such a product currently. Without feeling it clearly, I found some rituals in our small research team. We will take a one-hour break everyday in the afternoon, of course free coffee and snacks. During the break time, we talk about each other, talk about the urrent news, and also our research team. Such behavior let us reduce anxiety and ambiguities, especially the first couple of days we came to the institute. From the conversation, I know where I can find more accurate data; what kinds of analysis tools are better; and even where I can buy delicious lunch. One thing that is important about our research team I heard is the photo wall. There is a wall full of photos about persons who make a contribution to a successful research. Even those â€Å"baby researchers† like us, student interns. This is really exciting news for us who are hungry for such special honors.Moreover, people who on photo wall will be rewarded. These rituals reinforce our positive behavior and bond us together closely and make us working hard. Photo wall was always our topic in everyday break time. Although I had no chance to put my picture on the wall at last, but such special and cherish rituals impress me a lot. And I will always remember those hard working and significant days. Our research team was like a boat has a powerful and experienced capital and 6 newer crew. We clearly know our destination. Under the leading of capital, we work together and speed up to the end.Sometimes, we met difficulties; sometimes, we made mistakes; always, we realize that there are mountains of things we need to learn. The colleagues we worked with changed frequently. Because we are all students in university, we only can work here in winter and summer vocations. We cannot figure out where we will meet hidden rocks or what kind of weather should we set the sail. The research team in the future will have a ship with powered and experienced capital and also strong crews. They understand each other and trust each other. Crews’ abundant experience will guide themselves in different circumstance make different decisions.They will corporate happily and moving fast. The differences between these two images are size and facilities of two ships and the capability of crews. Everything we did currently was following commands. We prepared data materials and maybe some preliminary conclusion. In the future, our work will be more effective. We can organize our work by ourselves instead of ask capital every time. With the growing knowledge, we can make more contribution to the research. Hence the ship will end to destination fast. For the interns, they will have more chance to build their career in BOC.The research group has 6 students; one of us is a leader. We all work for Doctor Wang. Every week we work five days (Monday to Friday). Every Monday, we will have a strategy meeting to prepare the work for whole week. Doctor Wang is too busy to participate every meeting, so Zhang, the leader, will host the meeting. At first, we will sum up work we did last week. Then, talk about the research goal of this week and allocate detail work for every person. The Monday meeting at the end of each month, we will review the whole month work, evaluate it, and make an improvement plan for next month. We do our work strictly follow the plan, in order to achieve the goal effectively. Examination and supervision is an essential part of work for us. We check the data materials of each person, make sure the accuracy and authenticity of the data. What’s more, the every day break in our research group is another attractive activity, which pulls us closer together. The research we did is supported by the International Financial Research Institution of Bank of China, and also many universities in China. The every week meeting really organizes our work, avoiding the chaos may happen when we do the same work.The every day break can help us work in a comfortable circumstance and relax us. That is a method to know your colleague and get along with them. My recommendation for the research group has some flaws. We can hardly find the connection between group and public. Most of the things we did are search material and research material. In addition, the support for our research is supported by the company (BOC) itself. I cannot list other supporters easily. The support for a team is like a motivation. And when I think twice about it, is it really necessary for a group has 6 people to have meeting every week?The most content of the meeting is just formal. Maybe we can hardly get the information, and even we have already known the information. It is like a kind of waste of time. Maybe they can reduce such meeting as once a month. And if there is some work to allocate, they can email them; talk to some of them instead of get the entire people together to talk about the work. The script for a team is as important as it for a drama. Depending on it, every one can know what they did, and what they will do. A big plan for the work is more important than meeting again and again.

buy custom Cryptography and Network Security essay

buy custom Cryptography and Network Security essay This is a way to address the protection of data networking devices, connections, and the contents and the ability to accomplish the communication functions. Having an effective network security will ensure that the company is safe from malicious intruders, who want to gain access to their vital information. By using a WAN network Cleveland, the office should put in place security measures which will ensure that its information is not accessed by unauthorized people. The office should therefore develop security policies that will ensure that the information and networks are prevented from any illegal access. These policies would include the use of passwords, acceptable use and identity of the people using their network. This will ensure that only trusted personnel can access the network, assured that they cannot compromise the network (Kahate, 2003). There are various ways through which the office can be able to ensure that the network is safe from being accessed by malicious people: Use of firewalls This is computer software which protects the system by blocking all unnecessary ports and only allows traffic to flow from known ports, and in the right direction. This is important software, which should be used in any organization committed to protect its network from being accessed by ntruders, and gaining access to the companys information. Switch The switch should be configured in such a way that it only allows specific format of packets to flow in and out of it. Routers Its main purpose is to provide packet routing can be configured in a special way. This way, it can be used as a defense for protecting the network from the unauthorized access. This configuration will make the router to block or filter the forwarding of packet types Use of strong antivirus The Antivirus software detects viruses and ensures that they do not invade the computer or the server. The antivirus should be kept up-to-date as expired antivirus is not able to detect newer versions of viruses. The office should be able to evaluate the best antivirus to use as there are many antivirus soft wares available, and some maybe not effectively protect the computer. Use of wildcard mask This shows which part in the IP address that a particular user should access. They indicate which IP addresses has been accessed. The office should ensure that the IP addresses they allow or permit are from trusted sites which might not compromise the network. Access control list This is a table that instructs the operating system as to which access right every user has in a particular system object like the file directory. This filtering of traffic will be helpful in protecting the network as it will ensure that the required personnel are the ones accessing the network. This should be configured for the entire routed network. If Cleveland office will be able to put all the above measures to their network, they will be able to reduce the chances of their network from being compromised by any unauthorized persons. The office should also have a network administrator who is competent enough to monitor the network. This will make it possible to know when the network has been compromised and necessary measures taken as soon as possible to reduce the chances of the network being compromised any further. The protection devices and software which are going to be put in place should be working properly. Any malfunction of any of the devices and software used for protection purposes will lead to the network being compromised. The office should ensure that the devices and software are in a working condition as they might be put into place and yet they are not functioning leading to the illusion that the network is protected and in the real sense it is not. Buy custom Cryptography and Network Security essay

Pendant vs. Pendent

Pendant vs. Pendent Pendant vs. Pendent Pendant vs. Pendent By Maeve Maddox A reader wants to know when to write pendant and when to write pendent. The answer is not as straightforward as I expected it to be. British usage and American usage are very clear when it comes to the spelling of the words dependant and dependent. According to Penguin Writer’s Manual, In British English, dependent is an adjective and dependant is a noun meaning â€Å"a dependent person.† In American English the form dependent is generally used both as an adjective and as a noun. For example: British usage: The Jones family includes four dependants: three children and one dependent adult. American usage: The Jones family includes four dependents: three children and one dependent adult. According to my supplementary dictionaries, the same distinction between dependant (noun) and dependent (adjective) is drawn in standard Canadian and Australian. Distinctions between pendant and pendent, however, are not so clear-cut. The OED gives only one spelling for the noun and only one for the adjective: pendant (noun): a jewel, bead, tassel, or the like [that] hangs down as an ornament. pendent (adjective): hanging; suspended from or as from the point of attachment, with the point or end hanging downwards. Of a tree: having branches that hang or droop down. According to these definitions, the following examples demonstrate correct usage: The diamond pendant at her throat glittered in the candlelight. (noun) There are several forms of this native bald cypress, some of them more weeping or pendent than others. (adjective) But Merriam-Webster and The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary indicate that the spellings are interchangeable, although pendant is given first for the noun and pendent first for the adjective. The Google Ngram Viewer indicates that â€Å"pendant branches† was far more common in English in1800 than â€Å"pendent branches.† The two phrases fluctuate on the graph for about a hundred years and then, in 2000, they achieve what looks like equal use. When I did a Web search for the phrase â€Å"pendent branches,† I expected pendent to come up more often than pendant. Instead, I found twice as many examples of â€Å"pendant branches† (49,600 to 25,800). I was especially surprised to find examples of â€Å"pendant branches† at these sites: The Biomathematics Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand The University of British Columbia Oxford Journals, Molecular Biology and Evolution British speakers have a clear mandate to spell the noun dependant and the adjective dependent. It makes sense for them to apply the same rule to pendant (noun) and pendent (adjective). The spelling pendant for the noun is well established in American usage, but confusion about pendent is sufficiently widespread for The Chicago Manual of Style to include this admonition in the â€Å"good usage vs common usage section†: pendant, noun; pendent, adj. A pendant is an item of dangling jewelry, especially one worn around the neck. What is pendent is hanging or suspended. Advice to American speakers: Do as the British do on this one. Spell the noun pendant and the adjective pendent. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Yay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsArtist vs. Artisan

Projections of Body Shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Projections of Body Shop - Essay Example Income Statement 2002(GBP) 2002(% sales) 2003(GBP) 2003(% sales) 2004(GBP) 2004(% Sales) Turnover 413.1 100 428.5 100 442.6 100 Cost of Sales 158.3 39 168.1 39.2 182.3 39.2 Gross Profit 254.8 61 260.4 60.3 260.3 58.8 Operating Expenses excluding exceptional costs 209.3 45.4 228.1 46.1 239.7 42.3 exceptional costs 0 0 0 0 0 0 restructuring costs 0 0 0 0 0 0 Net interest expense 0.9 0 1.8 1.5 2.3 1.9 Profit Before Tax 4.1 5.3 16.44 4.1 15.5 2.9 Tax Expense 10 4.2 7.8 5.7 2.1 0.88 Profit(loss) after tax 2.1 3.8 13.2 7.1 6.1 3.7 Ordinary dividends 14 5 18 4.1 11 4.1 Profit ( loss retained) 19 4.7 8.1 7.4 3.2 4.1 Income Statement 2005(GBP) 2005(% sales) 2006(GBP) 2006(% sales) Turnover 479.2 100 502.8 100 Cost of Sales 208.1 43 238.6 47.45 Gross Profit 271.1 57 264.2 52.65 Operating Expenses excluding exceptional costs 242.1 47.1 267.2 50.3 exceptional costs 0 0 0 0 restructuring costs 0 0 0 0 Net interest expense 1.1 0 0 1.8 Profit Before Tax 2.9 3.1 7.3 9.2 Tax Expense 2.7 3.1 19.1 10.7 Profit(loss) after tax 5.1 6.2 9.8 7.1 Ordinary dividends 7.3 6.8 9.9 5.1 Profit ( loss retained) 14.1 9.1 6.2 8.2 A brief analysis of the historical data reveals that Financially The Body Shop is on a sound footing financially and was so until the purchase by L'Oreal. There is a healthy growth in the Turnover averaging around 8%. The cost of sales rarely exceed 40% leaving a fairly healthy margin to work with. That margin is again reflected in the fact that the gross profit is consistently around the 60% mark. And except during a couple of years where there were exceptional costs and restructuring costs , there is a healthy profit before tax. Hence the decision to delist body Shop ( an automatic event on... Body Shop is in a unique position of not having to market itself in the conventional sense because of it’s strong customer base. It has a strong following   of loyal customers , because among others , it’s percieved social values. The political issues which it has attached itself include being 100% vegetarian and not use animal testing. Using Environmentally Friendly products and champion other social causes like AIDS. Even Anita Roddick , on her deathbed ( she died recently of Hepatitis C) was actively campaigning   A recent stockholder survey   revealed what the stock holders think.   Some of the responses were â€Å"The way that the Body Shop strives to produce open, honest and fair annual report and accounts and interim reports, and manages to send them out to shareholders reasonably promptly.† â€Å"Would not like the Body Shop to stop its social audit. In fact would like more info in audit.†Ã‚   â€Å"Asking for opinions, such as this.† â€Å"The format of the Annual Report.† â€Å"Keep the campaigning and values but improve the marketing. No more paperwork than at present.†Ã‚   â€Å"Thank you for not producing huge, glossy reports – a waste of paper and always a sign of desperation†In other words the group of people who are Body shop shareholders are from the same set of people who are it’s customers. It has a unique market which is very strong.The weaknesses which maybe exposed now , because of the the purchase of the Company by Loreal is that all key decisions and strategy were centered around Anita and Gordon Roddick.

Peers Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Peers Review - Essay Example s fulfil the assignment on the use of technology in education, the relationship between the statement and the course is related to the course theme and it makes a reasonable claim which is also arguable. This makes it a legible assignment. 2. Discuss the paper’s scope and focus. Does the introduction give enough contexts for the argument? Are there clear â€Å"boundaries† to what the author is discussing in the paper? Can you tell that the author is responding to a research question appropriately? In the introduction, can you see where the paper is going, and can you track the thesis throughout the paper? The scope of the paper is primarily on the effects of technologies on how students take their studies. It is very easy to follow on the student’s argument throughout the essay and it is related to the topic statement. The flow of the paper is also seamless 3. How does the paper flow? Are the author’s points easy to follow? Are there any places where the author could make stronger transitions between points? Do the paragraph breaks make sense? Is the author relating individual points to one another—AND back to the thesis? Does every paragraph in this paper follow from the thesis? The flow of the paper is also seamless. The points are easy to follow and the paragraphs breaks make reason. This makes the points to relate to one another easily. The conclusion on the essay is also well formatted with the author referencing to the papers thesis. The author can make the conclusion more captivating to the reader through better examples 4. Does the author provide a conclusion with an effective restatement of the paper’s thesis? Does the conclusion end the paper on a convincing note? Do you have ideas about ways the author might make the conclusion more interesting to the reader? 5. Discuss the author’s use of evidence from research sources. Is the author using reliable sources, or are any of the sources potentially unreliable? Are there places where more

Cultural Diversity-Race and Ethnicity 4 Essay Example for Free

Cultural Diversity-Race and Ethnicity 4 Essay †¢ What information about race and ethnicity in the United States has helped you better understand or relate to specific minority groups? I would have to say that I have learned a lot of information by taking this cultural diversity class. I know that there are minorities in the United States, but I was unaware of many of the discriminations that have happened over the years. I have always thought that we were all equal and that is how I have raised my children. We may come from different backgrounds, have different colors of skin and speak other languages, but we are all people living our lives and trying to become successful. I can now see the challenges that many minority groups have to face in the United States and understand why there are so many different programs available to the minority. o Have you learned something new about your own cultural history? I am about ? Native American and I learned many things about the Native American gaming laws and how that all works. It is interesting to see how the government has stepped up and showed the Native Americans that we want them to be successful and allowed them to produce these successful casino and resorts. I did not realize that many of the casinos are on Native land and there to help the Natives and there reservations. I have never researched much about where I come from or anything about my background, but it was nice to see that there are things that are offered for the wrongs that have been done in the past. I found that the Natives do not hold a grudge and are using what is offered to them to earn money and employee there Natives. Many of them still live on the reservation and are able to work right there on the reservation. †¢ Trends in immigration will continue to shape the face of the United States. What will this face look like in the year 2050? In 2050 I see that there will still be a small amount of discrimitnation in the United States, but there will be many minority groups that have multiplied and will continue to go to college become doctors, teachers, lawyers and so on. There will be no difference in our society as to who is going to help us when we need a doctor or even who is going to teach our childrens children. I feel that if they are taking the time to learn out language and go to school and earn a degree then they should be considered a part of our country and not have to live with discrimination. I know that we cannot change the way people feel and act, but we can start by accepting others ourself and respecting all of the people no matter the race. †¢ How might the country best prepare for the changing race and ethnicity of its current and future citizens? I feel that we need to accept all race and ethnicity into our country. I see that we can learn many things from other people that we may not have thought of ourselves. I feel that we need to educate our citizens so they can see what they are going to expect in the future of the United States. We cannot change who we are or where we come from, but we as citizens can show you why there is no reason to treat any race or ethnicity different from our own. There needs to be education to our children and our future to teach them that we accept all races and ethnicities and they are what form us as a community and society.

Hamlet :: essays research papers

From reading the play Hamlet it gave me such a well rounded interpretation of a family crisis that ended up affecting an entire country. Throughout the play the main character Hamlet set the tone for many of the acts. His characteristics were so in depth, that his emotional state was never settle. His emotional state constantly changed, sometimes you wouldn’t know what to expect from young Hamlet. Near the beginning of the play Hamlet’s emotional state was very uneasy. His father had just died so, he was living in denial; but to top it all off his â€Å"so called mother† married his uncle Claudius. By his mother marrying his uncle he felt betrayed. Not just because his mother re-married and his father hadn’t been dead for a whole month. The reason why he felt betrayed is that his mother got married in such little time and to his uncle. This situation brought Hamlet to an even more uneasy emotional state. When hamlet was around Ophelia his emotional state was very virtuous. Hamlet was secretly in love with Ophelia and Ophelia loved Hamlet as well. Hamlet was to shy to tell Ophelia what his true feelings were for her; until it was too late. Hamlet’s emotional state when he’s around Claudius is very blunt. You could tell that Hamlet doesn’t really care for him. Since he became his uncle/Step-father. Hamlet loathes Claudius even more after he found out that he was the one responsible for his father’s death. When Hamlet’s around Polonius he tends to mock him. Even though he is the father of his love; he senses that he has a sneaky and cunning side to him. Shortly after Hamlet’s two friend’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrived from England and mysteriously started hanging around him. Hamlet knew that something wasn’t right. Which it really wasn’t; Claudius and Gertrude sent for the two to keep an eye on Hamlet. Hamlet received a bad vibe from them. His impression of them was as being two snakes so; he didn’t want to spend much time with them.

What Important Skills Should a Person Learn to Be Successful?

â€Å"What important skills should a person learn to be successful in the world today? † Nowadays, becoming a successful person is one of the first targets of humans . People succeed doesn't depend on who are they – musician, president, businessman etc. It doesn't depends only on having certain skills. Today , various skills contribute to success. I think, that any person can become successful through learning from the mistakes, being able to take risk and having the persistence. In my opinion, one of the important skills that a person should have in order to be successful is learning from the mistakes.We know that nobody is perfect on doing something, especially if he or she does it for the first time. Before achieving any goals, humans can make a lot of mistakes. Some people become grieved and lose their self – confidence when they do mistake. This disappointing ends with failure in your job or in your successful development. While making mistakes, if we feel s orry for ourselves then we will have failure, but, if we accept the lesson from our mistake then we will move to a successful life.Except learning from the mistakes, being able to take a risk is also one of the main keys of success. Any person, who want to achieve success must not afraid of risk, they should not see the risk as a danger. Taking a risk could result a lot of positive outcomes, and it can be very profitable. According to co – founder of Zipcar company Robin Chase, † Taking professional and entrepreneurial risks is quite profitable . My decision at age 23 to illegally slip into Kenya from Tanzania was a greater risk than launching Zipcar with just $78 in my bank account.Today Zipcar has 350,000 members using 6,500 cars. † Taking real risk also requires freedom in our expectations and fears. Not all people can have such freedom, that's why not everybody can take risks and be successful. In addition to learning from the mistakes and being able to take a risk, having the persistence is also one of the main points of being successful in the world. Today, any person can achieve success by developing his or he persistence to a very high level. In order to reach any goal and succeed , person should take sequential actions.I think, that it is the biggest problem of many people not to be sequential, staying out of the race in reaching finish and persistence. In brief, today everybody wants to be prosperous, beginning from the trucker to the doctor. It is not so easy to succeed. It requires some necessary abilities, such as: having self- assurance through learning from mistakes, being bold to take any risk and having perseverance. These keys are very important and basis in achieving success. Therefore, I think, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.

Art Appreciation Essay

Ancient art is art from cultures of ancient societies such as China, Rome, Greece and Egypt and most of these types of art shows gods, goddesses and pharaohs. The Egyptian art work is usually clear and simple that is put together with simple lines and flat areas of color that show order and balance. Most of the art from china show religious rituals and geomancy and it also shows continuity between ancient and modern times. Greek art has a lot of pottery, sculpture and architecture art and are will known for its standing figures. Roman art seems to show beauty and nobility with an expression of life-like qualities. The first painting is by Lorenzo Lotto and is called Venus and Cupid and is oil on canvas painting and shows Venus sitting on a dark blue satin cloth with her weight resting on her arm. Her color is a pretty off white with a ribbon around her chest called diaphanous stophein which is worn by new brides. There is a brown shell hanging above her head which represents her birth from the sea and the flowers shown on the bottom half of her body represent a symbol of love. The head dress she is wearing is decorated with gems and pearls that rest perfectly on her red hair. She is holding a wreath with incense burning while cupid is peeing through the wreath towards her. Cupid is a short figure with wings on his back with brown curly hair with a devilish look upon his face. The room has red cloth drape upon the back wall that accent the painting with all the other colors in harmony. This artist was portraying love and marriage and the room was more than likely a bride’s chamber in this two dememenional piece of art and is representational of sexuality, vitality and happiness. This piece could be a little controversial and is truly in the eyes of the beholder. Cupid and Venus. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. wtfarthistory. com The second painting is by Paul Gauguin which is oil on canvas painting with stretch wood and is called Ia Orana Maria (Hail Mary) which was inspired by Polynesian religious beliefs and is of an angel who revealed Mary and Jesus who are Tahitian to two other Tahitian women. Mary is wearing a red dress with flowers and Jesus is sitting on her shoulders naked and the two of them seem to have a halo around their heads. The other two women are shown looking at Mary and Jesus with wraps around their lower bodies and the upper half is exposing their breast. The painting have a jungle like atmophere with flowering trees and a dark blue path and emerald green with the foreground and bananas of the left of Mary. This two demensional piece is representational of religion, mystery and revelation and of the Tahitian culture. This piece is very colorful with reds, blues, greens and yellows that come together beautifully.

Invisible Man by Ralph Waldo Ellison

Invisible Man by Ralph Waldo Ellison Free Online Research Papers The narrator of Invisible Man is telling more a story of self-discovery. A lot of times self narration comes with self-reflection and the Narrator later comes to realizes that all his roles have been created by the environment and culture around him. Throughout the story the narrator has no sense of self worth. Only the stereotypical roles that others have given him, and he bases his ideas on the options of others. As the narrator puts it: â€Å"my problem was that I always tried to go in everyone’s way but my own. I have also been called one thing and then another while no one really wished to hear what I called myself† (560). Nevertheless, by the end of the book he finally understands the fact that life in America mainly consists of a color barrier between two colors; yet, he is still invisible, but no longer is he blind. His new view of reality teaches him that he is obligated to return to society â€Å"since there’s possibility that even an invisible man has a socially responsible role to play† (568). Ellison spent seven years writing Invisible Man, his one and only novel. â€Å"Invisible Man is [considered] literary fiction because of its in-depth exploration of one mans psyche and its innovative style.† (â€Å"Invisible Man Genre†). Invisible Man is the story of a young man who considers himself â€Å"invisible† to the world around him. He goes on to explain that his invisibility is not the result of a biochemical accident and that he is not a spirit. He is invisible due to others refusing to see him because of his skin color. The narrator says that being invisible serves as both a benefit and a constant exasperation. He depicts his anguished need to make others recognize him, and say he has found that such attempts rarely succeed. The narrator hides away in his invisibility preparing for his unnamed action. The narrator recounts an incident in which he was bumped into by a tall, blond-haired man in the dark; the man insulted him and the narrator attacked him. Only at the last minute, he came to his senses, stopping himself from slitting the man’s throat. The next day, the narrator reads about the incident in the newspaper; the attack is described as a mugging. He comments on the irony of being mugged by an invisible man. Now, the narrator hibernates in his invisibility† (Spark Notes Editors). He states that the beginning of his story is actually the end. The narrator is not sure of who he is because his â€Å"identity has been dictated by the white-dominated society† (â€Å"Narrator in Invisible Man†). The narrator goes on a journey of self-discovery. The story takes place in the American South and Harlem, New York, where he meets people that further alter his life. Throughout the novel, Ellison uses many literary devices to illustrate the narrator’s persistence to finding himself. The narrator finds his first job working at the Liberty Paints plant. Upon his arrival on his first day, he sees a huge electric sign that reads â€Å"KEEP AMERICA PURE WITH LIBERTY PAINTS.† The Liberty Paints plant is most famous for its Optic White paint. In order to create the color, the narrator is to put ten black drops of toner in each bucket. It symbolizes â€Å"the necessity of the black contribution to white America† (â€Å"Invisible Man Symbolism, Imagery Allegory). Reverend Homer A. Barbee preaches at the chapel services at the college. He wears dark glasses. On day, after giving his sermon, Barbee stumbles upon returning to his chair causing his glasses to fall from his face. The narrator catches a quick glimpse of Barbee’s eyes, and realizes that Reverend Barbee is blind. Brother Jack, a man from an organization in Harlem called the Brotherhood, has a false left eye. The narrator sees the sight problems as a representation of the blindness of the human race. Although this blindness if not of a physical nature, the human race refuses to see others for who they are. The setting itself is symbolic of the human tendency to judge at first glance. The narrator is born and raised in the American South. When travels to New York he realizes the large difference between the North and South. He is surprised to find the white drivers obeying the directions of a black policeman. He wonders if some of the things he does will be considered insulting, such as leaving a tip on the table for a white waitress. Unlike when he was in the South, the narrator experiences a sort of racial freedom in the North. Yet, he feels that his skin color will determine how he will be perceived by others. Whether it is by the white men of the Brotherhood or the self-proclaimed nymphomaniac, he would be judged by his skin color first then by who he is. The tone of the story says a great deal about the narrator. He could have easily made the story nothing more than a depressing story about racial injustice. Instead, he told the story in a blunt but thoughtful way. It allows for a more reflective edge to the story. The story is told from first person point of view allowing the tone to remain soft versus scolding. The narrator tells his story from his own experiences, allowing for a personal development of the narrator and no other character. The treatment of the characters mirrors the treatment the narrator experienced throughout the story. Every other character in the story is one-dimensional. There are set types of people but they are fairly simple. Todd Clifton is a member of the Brotherhood. There is a point in the story where Brother Clifton is on the street selling Sambo dolls. The narrator further examines the doll to find that Clifton is controlling it with black string hidden from the audience. The doll itself is a symbol of the narrator. The strings are held by the white men of the Brotherhood. The strings may also be controlled by everyone that manipulated the narrator in his life. The narrator remembers giving the graduation speech at his high school graduation. During his speech he urges that for the progression of Black America everyone should practice modesty and obedience because it is the key. His speech was received so well, and it was such a success that the town arranges for him to deliver the speech at an assembly of the community’s leading white citizens. Upon the narrator’s arrival to give his speech he is instructed to take to take part in the â€Å"battle royal† that appears to be a part of the evening’s entertainment. The narrator, and his classmates put on boxing gloves and proceed enter the ring. The white men place blindfolds on the youths and order them to fight each other viciously. The narrator’s unwillingness to resist or even protest what the white men were doing to him, and his classmates is apparent when he says We were rushed up to the front of the ballroom, where it smelled even more strongly of tobacco and whiskey. Then we were pushed into place. (Ellison 18-19) Instead of denying them the ability to place him in a situation that he found uncomfortable, he just goes along with the plans. The narrator finds himself facing defeat in the last round, and when it came time for the narrator to give his speech, the white men laugh and ignore him as he quotes the larger sections of Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Exposition Address. The men award him a calfskin briefcase containing a scholarship to the state college for black youth. The briefcase is symbolic of his naivety and youth. His final loss of the briefcase represents a severance from his past. Recalling his time at college, the narrator remembers the college’s bronze statue of its Founder, a black man. He illustrates the statue as cold and fatherly, its eyes empty. At the end of his third year, the narrator takes a job driving Mr. Norton, one of the college’s white millionaire founders around campus. Ellison alludes to other works of literature in his story Invisible Man. The narrator encounters a street vendor selling bake yams. He buys one and when he bites into it, he is reminded of his home in the South. In Remembrance of Things Past by Marcel Proust, the author eats into a madeleine and immediately recollects his childhood in Belle Époque France. In Invisible Man, Ellison does Proust one better by imbuing the moment with not only a definitive character transformation, but by the consumption of a second, frostbitten yam (Invisible Man Allusions Cultural References). Ellison also makes references to such historical figures as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute as a way for newly freed slaves to get their education. A more overt connection to Booker T. Washington in Invisible Man comes when the narrator writes of his grandparents: About eighty-five years ago they were told that they were free, united with others of our country in everything pertaining to the common good, and, in everything social, separate like the fingers of the hand. This is a direct allusion to Washingtons 1895 Atlanta Compromise address, when he said, In all things purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress (Invisible Man Allusions Cultural References). In The Souls of Black Folk, W.E.B. DuBois expresses his theory of the double-consciousness possessed by blacks. According to DuBois, blacks know and understand what it is to be both an American as white Americans understand it and what it is to be a black American. DuBois thought this had both ups and downs, just as the narrator’s invisibility has its cons and pros. Ellison uses theme as a constant developmental element for the story. Such themes as, identity, race and ideology are few of the many present in the novel. In Invisible Man, identity is a conflict between self-perception and projection of others. The narrator’s identity is invisible to those around him. Not until he separates himself from society can he truly come to understand himself. Although throughout the novel the narrator’s race depicts how he is perceived by society, the novel is aimed at transcending race and all the other ways humanity has used to categorize people. For a long time, the narrator is defined by his race which led to invisibility. The book â€Å"Invisible Man† apparently tends to promote a political philosophy which makes very appealing to an emotional individual. It rejects all forms of ideology, arguing that ideology focuses too much on the collective perception at the expense of the individual. The infusion of power appears depicted in nearly all of the relationships of Invisible Man. More so the power of white males appears to dominate the narrator’s view throughout the novel, this is also apparent in situations where there are no white males present. Other people who hold any form of power keep it only through the largesse or generosity of white men. Admiration is particularly prominent towards the beginning of Invisible Man, when the narrator takes Dr. Bledsoe and Mr. Norton to be role models. By the end of the novel, the narrator apparently has no admiration for anyone. The narrator finds that Dr. Bledsoe and Mr. Norton are extremely flawed role models, and the he realizes that he can only depend on himself. Ralph Ellison used many literary elements to illustrate the life of the narrator. The narrator remained nameless but was still a much more rounded character when compared to the others in the story. He has depth to his personality versus being seen as a single type of person. Nonetheless it proves to be important. Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man was a book written by an unknown writer that quickly established him as one of the best of his time. The book remained on the bestsellers list for an incredible sixteen weeks. The story of the invisible man is one which best connects with the civil rights movement during that time in history which later lead to African American leaders like Martin Luther King Jr, and Malcolm X. The book might have not been responsible for the changes we see today, but it continues to intrigue readers, even casual readers like me. His withdrawal from society and low profile gave him a chance to create his own identity, and to find himself. His education give him the abilities to achieve what he wanted and give himself a slightly higher status than most African American, and the advice that his grandfather gave him the drive needed to fight back. His invisibility not only saved his life, but it allowed him to become himself. He became a more satisfied man at the end of the novel. In conclusion, it is clear that the narrator in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man finds an identity through his education, his grandfathers advice, and his invisibility. Each of these three things plays a key role in his finding of himself. Upon Ralph Ellison finishing his book he was most likely feeling the strain of being a black man in a world that saw him as less than a man. It is most likely this feeling of unrest that lead to the title of the book, because despite being of flesh and blood the world he lived in did not see him, thus the title â€Å"Invisible Man.† Work Cited Ellison, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"Invisible Man.† New York Random House, 1952 Shmoop Editorial Team. Invisible Man Genre. Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 Jun 2010. Shmoop Editorial Team. Invisible Man Symbolism, Imagery Allegory. Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 Jun 2010 Shmoop Editorial Team. Narrator in Invisible Man. Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 Jun 2010. Spark Notes Editors. â€Å"Spark Note on Invisible Man.† SparkNotes.com. Spark Notes LLC. 2002. Web. 21 Jun. 2010. Research Papers on Invisible Man by Ralph Waldo EllisonMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayWhere Wild and West MeetThe Hockey GameRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Whats the Lowest SAT Score Possible How Many Get It

What's the Lowest SAT Score Possible How Many Get It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you embarrassed of your SAT score, or think it’s pretty low? Chances are it isn’t even close to the lowest possible SAT score. In this post, we’ll reveal how rare the lowest possible SAT score is, the lowest scores we have seen, and how to improve on the test, regardless of what your currentscore is. What Is the Lowest SAT Score? On the Redesigned SAT, the lowest possible score is a 400: 200 on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing and 200 on Math. The lowest possible SAT score on the old SAT was a 600 composite, which could only be earned with scores of 200 on the Critical Reading, Math, and Writing sections. While there is no data yet on the Redesigned SAT, we know from data on the old SAT that the lowest possible score is extremely rare. Only 374 people got a 600 on the SAT in 2014 – even fewer than a perfect 2400! The SAT is scaled so that the average score is about a 1500 old/1000 redesigned, or 500 per section. The bottom 25% of scorers have about a 1270 old/850 redesigned or lower. Any score below an 1100 old/750 redesigned is rare – only 10% of test-takers score that low. So odds are, even if you have a low score, it’s not the very lowest possible! In fact, it’s incredibly difficult to get a 600 old/400 redesigned SAT composite score. How Do You Get the Lowest Score on the SAT? It’s harder to get a 600 old/400 redesigned than you might think. Even if you guess on every question, you’ll probably get higher than the lowest possible score. Why? Assuming you really don’t know anything and guess on each question, odds are you will guess correctly 25% of the time, since there are four answer choices. And it turns out that getting 25% of SAT questions right gets you a score above the lowest possible! Even Jon Snow, who knows nothing, would probably score higher than a 400 on the SAT. The SAT is scored by translating your raw score (the total amount of questions you get right) into a scaled score. For more on this process, check out our scoring guide. On the Redesigned SAT, a Reading raw score with 25% of the questions correct is a 13. A Writing raw score with 25% of the questions correct is an 11. After combining these, your final Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score would be around 350 low, but far from the lowest possible score of 200. A Math 25% raw score is about a 14, which would net approximately a 380 final score. If you add up these two scores, you would get a 730 composite – low, but far from the lowest! So you would have to have very bad luck or be deliberately trying to get a low score to get a 200 on each section for a 400 composite on the Redesigned SAT. You need a raw score of 1 or lower on each section to get a scaled score of 200 on the Redesigned SAT, which means you basically have to get every single question wrong. So even if you just give up on the test and fill in every answer bubble with a "C," you'll definitely get more than 1 raw point on each section, and thus get a higher score than a 400. On the old SAT, getting the lowest possible score was actually pretty complicated. Since the old SAT had a guessing penalty, you needed a negative raw score on each section to get the lowest possible score. That meant you could sleep through the test, leave all of the answers blank, get a raw score of 0, and still get about 210-220 per section, which was higher than the lowest possible score. On the Redesigned SAT, however, leaving the test blank and taking a nap will result in the lowest possible score, since you would get a raw score of 0. This means getting a 200 on each section of the old SAT was surprisingly tricky. You could have skipped most of the questions but answered 8 incorrectly to get a -2 raw score. Or, of course, you could have gotten every single problem wrong and gotten a raw score below a -2, and thus received a 200 section score. You can actually read about one man’s attempt to get the lowest possible score on the old SAT here. Note that he had to know the SATquite wellto accomplish this â€Å"feat.† Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! What Are the Lowest Scores You’ve Seen? At PrepScholar, we work with everyone from high-scorers, trying to close the last 100-point gap to a perfect score, to students who struggle with standardized tests and want lots of extra help. On the old SAT, we’ve seen scores as low as 900 (around 300 in each section), but gotten them up to the 1300 range, which gets them into the top 75% of scorers. How do we do this? There are two main ways to improve a low score: fill content gaps and improve test-taking strategy. If you’re scoring in the 300s, there is probably content on the SAT you simply don’t know. Whether you struggle with vocabulary, geometry, grammar rules, or all of the above, not knowing major concepts can seriously hamper you on the SAT. That said, even if you know the content, struggling with test-taking can lower your score, too. Just because it's multiple choice doesn't mean it's easy. Time management, process of elimination, smart guessing, and familiarity with the test are all factors that can make or break your score. A student who is able to manage their time and answer 40 out of 58 math questions will get a better score than a student who gets stuck on a single problem, loses time, and only answers 30 math questions by the end of the test. Also, knowing how to eliminate wrong answers can raise your odds of getting a question right from 25% to 50%. Process of elimination is an important strategy! Sound like there’s a lot to learn? There is, but it’s very manageable to make big SAT score leaps, especially if you have the best resources. How Can I Improve My Score? The key to a higher SAT score is fixing your weaknesses, practicing with quality questions, and learning test-taking strategy. With PrepScholar, we will create a custom program for you based on your weaknesses. We will fill your content gaps and get you on track for a higher score. Basically, we take the hard part out of SAT studying – analyzing your weak spots – and give you more time to practice. You can also study on your own with prep books and a study schedule. Remember to block your SAT prep time into your schedule like it’s a class or a sport – you have to put in the time to see a difference. Finally, you can see if your school has an SAT prep class, study sessions, or other free resources to take advantage of. This can help you make time for SAT studying each week. If you commit dedicated time to studying, and use the best resources, you are guaranteed to see an improvement in your score. Even you, Jon Snow. What’s Next? Learn more about average SAT scores by state to learn just how good or bad your score is. So what’s a good SAT score? An amazing one? See our guide to the best SAT scores, based on which colleges you are aiming for. Thinking about giving the ACT a try instead? See our guide to which test is easiest, and which one you will do the best on. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Hyperinflation in Argentina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hyperinflation in Argentina - Essay Example This is explained with relevant data and pictorial graphs in order to bring out a clear understanding of the concept. Hyperinflation in any country is the result of careless monetary policies and the balance of imports and exports, and the mismatch of demand and supply factors. A country that slips into a period of hyperinflation experiences a rough economy in addition to heavy economic downturn and in the end resulting in currency devaluation. According to the banking dictionary Hyperinflation is explained as an "Economic condition characterized by rapidly rising prices of freely traded goods, and declining purchasing power, threatening economic stability and ability to repay External Debt the term usually is applied when consumer prices are rising at rates in excess of 50% per month, particularly in developing countries. While we do have many definitions and perceptions about hyperinflation let us first understand the term Inflation. In an article published by the department of Economics Wilfred Laurier University of Canada, "Inflation is generally defined as a sustained increase in the cost of living. While there exist a myriad of indicators of the cost of living in most countries, inflation is usually thought of in terms of a consumer price index (CPI)." Moreover is further explains inflation as "An understanding of inflation and its causes is vital since continuous increases in some indicator of the cost of living imp lies a concomitant fall in the purchasing power of money. In other words, a given quantity of currency is able to command fewer quantities of goods and services as prices rise."(Pierre 2000) Finally inflation is the rise in the consumer prices and the percentage of this rise if exceeds over 50% a month is hyperinflation. Most of the hyperinflationary conditions have risen across the Globe after the Second World War. Brazil and Argentina had an average monthly increase of 68.6% and 66% respectively. However, economists commonly agree that Germany's economy was the worst affected due to Hyperinflationary conditions during the Second World War. The recent Global financial meltdown has given rise to many questions about hyperinflation across the Globe and how long it would last and whether this would give rise to another Great Depression 2. In an article by Global Research, the International forecaster of Bob Chapman predicted Inflation rates; US at 12.5% ,China 8.5% The Gulf an average of 12% ,Russia at 14%, India at 8%, Indonesia 12%, Brazil at 5%, Chile 8.3%, and Argentina at 23%.(Lendman 2008) The figures are just a global forecast of which Argentina the highest note that Brazil has managed to emerge out of its hyperinflationary condition and is well on the road to recovery. History of Argentina's Inflation: Just to give glimpse of the Argentine Inflation picture. Hyperinflation picture rather news from the Argentine post the average annual inflation rate in Argentina between 1965 and 1989 was 284%, according to a 1992 research paper archived by the National Bureau of Economic Research. According to this

Children, War and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Children, War and Education - Essay Example This leads them into an intense mental trauma. 3. Children used as terrorists/soldiers:The scene grows even more gruesome when children are made a part of these wars. Their small hands are trained to hold and control the agents of deaths deadly weapons and their vulnerable minds are inculcated with norms of the terror culture where ruthless massacres are a way of life. Be it the Hamas in Gaza, the Taliban in Afghanisthan or the LTTE in Sri Lanka they extensively use children as terrorists."assessments by the Sri Lankan Directorate of Military Intelligence have estimated that as much as 60 per cent of the LTTE's fighters were below 18."(SOUTH ASIA TERRORISM PORTAL) and "LTTE terrorists used a 13 year old child suicide bomber against the advancing 55 Division troops in Chalai "( Thilakaratne 2009)The conditions are no different in Jammu and Kashmir where children are used as "terror tools". They are even trained in throwing grenades and planting IEDs.( GUPTA 2005).This affects a child's(terrorist) psychology in a very dangerous ma nner sometimes making it impossible to help them lead a normal life even after they have been freed/rescued. Their experience with terror creates a kind of crisis in their life - it's a crisis of life purpose and direction. Children Participation in armed conflicts, even voluntarily, is an offence as per the Geneva Convention (1948), its two amendments (1997), and as per Article 38 of the UN Convention on Rights of the Child. But one can definitely not expect the terrorist groups to abide by these laws. Even in cases where terrorist outfits were warned against the use of children or even when the terrorist groups promise not to use children (as in case of LTTE), there are hardly any productive or positive results. 4. Loss of children's education: In conditions like these it's not difficult to imagine what must be happening to the education of children. A country's civilian population is under a condition of constant stress when there is a war going on at the borders of the country and the education of children is often disturbed due to falling attendance as a result of fear, shutting down of schools due to govt. orders concerning safety or other such reasons. And the conditions worsen in countries where there are no defined battle fields and the civilian areas are frequently attacked. Terrorist attack on schools causes a great damage; and this damage is multidimensional. Not only is the property damaged but also many lives are lost and the entire education system completely disrupted and sometimes even uprooted. Attacking schools severs several purposes for the terrorist organisations: A. Schools are soft targets and can be attacked comparatively easily.(Ervin 2006) B. Attack on

Research report in the field of Web Development and emerging standards Essay

Research report in the field of Web Development and emerging standards - Essay Example ly, UH Solutions is Bizzolutions soft group that conduct their activities based on the latest innovative technologies and prior role of the development teams and engineers for keeping the performance up-to-date towards maintaining the competitive edge of the company in the global environment (Turnbull, 2013). In the real world, the continuous revolutionary approaches in all the spheres and dimensions of technology have imposed enormous impacts over the inhabitant’s lives. To be precise, significant development of Information Technology (IT) has strong impacts over the entire industrial sector especially in the software sector. The emergency of the internet evolves from development of electronic computers with the concept of packet networking. The concept of internet has also been linked to the development of ARPANET by the US Department of Defence’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which is packet-switching network designed to form communication among the ARPA terminals during 60’s. Besides, Paul Baran and Donald Davies have made the first stable linkage among the multiple computers with the use of ARPANET during the year 1969 after ten year of development of initial conceptual network that develop by Paul Baran and Donald Davies. Though at such time the com puter were highly expensive but with the significant development of IT, the use and benefits of internet has been recognise in every sphere of industries (New Media Institute, 2014; Computer History Museum, 2004). Initially, the development of internet has not resulted into the prevalence of the concept of web. Web has been developed with the use of three key protocols including HTML (Hypertext markup language), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and URLS (Uniform resource locator). Murray Leinster has initially developed this idea in 1946 but the real version has been developed earlier in 80’s when Tim Berners Lee work over the ‘Enquire’ project. ‘Enquire’ consist of database of

Arguments Against India As A Single Nation Religion Essay

Arguments Against India As A Single Nation Religion Essay I have tried to understand this topic and share my insights for the same. I have tried to deconstruct the topics in different subject areas. I tried getting an opinion on those subject areas and then link them to have a holistic view of the topic. Before I share my comments on the dictum Unity in Diversity , lets look at India in general. India is imagined in a plethora of ways. The political ideology always has an impact on the nation. A nation exists because of the people. The pathos and ethos which binds them together and makes them move towards an ideal state of affair is long and testing. There are moments of glory in the history of a nation when all political parties rejoice and encourage activities which benefit the image of a nation. For instance, The Nobel prize awarded to Amartya Sen in 1998 when he transformed economics into a moral science in which he targeted many public policies like education and hunger. The same policy has been adapted to the framework of India and used for development by ruling politics. There is need of Innovators and entrepreneurs like Sen who can lead India to a state of absence of malnutrition, illiteracy and poverty. Behind the deathly blows of caste rivalries and religious feuds is a stark reality of limited resources. Behind the demand of a separate land is the desire for reco gnition and growth opportunities. Only, if the political system could design policies to combat it! I strongly believe in the dictum Unity in Diversity. I would like go about in a theoretical and later, practical way in justifying the same. India is a vast country in which people belonging to different religions, castes and creeds live together. Though usually they live in harmony and co-operation with each other, sometimes the harmony is disturbed and disturbance creates many social problems. In order to bring the people belonging to different religions together and in a bid to bridge the gap in cast differences, the countrys social reformers have made positive attempts to forge unity in diversity. India is the cradle of many cultures. In this ancient land, the people belonging to different cultures are living together preserving their own culture and cultural unity, In spite of the fact that there is an apparent disunity in the country, basically there is cultural unity which is visible in every walk of life. It is on this account that it is said that in India there is unity in diversity. India is a land of many religions. There might be different factions and sub sections from the main streamline and that might prima facie give an idea of religious disunity, but on the whole there is unity in so far as each religion is concerned. We basically believe in the theory of dharma and karma. The theory of rebirth and purification of soul, salvation and the philosophy of hell and heaven hold s good every where. Respect for mosques, temples churches, Gurudwaras and religious gods and goddesses is prevalent. A multitude of gods and religious practices, the existence of hundreds of groups called castes, variety of foods and clothing and different types of kinship organization, which one finds in India, create an impression of a bewildering variety impossible to classify and of a society divided into innumerable tiny compartments. Many anthropologists, especially those dealing with the phenomenon of casts, have described this a illustrating the fissiparous tendency of the Indian society, while others have called it horizontal segmentation of the society. Indian philosophy is a product of the Indian society, and reflects the various cultures which have blended together after the time the Aryan entered India. The developed and elaborate rituals on the one hand, and the monistic philosophy on the other, are not an evolution of purely Aryan tradition, but a product of the fusion of the Aryan and the non-Aryan. While the region west of Punjab and including the present Delhi region seemed to be the region of the development of early Aryan thought, the central and the eastern Gangetic plain to the north of the river Ganga was the region of the rise of new specta, culture -contact, culture-confilict and final fusion. Changes have occurred in the overall conception of the gods and modes of worship, and ideas of purity. There are also in existence different modes in different regions. These changes are not due merely to internal evolution. Neither are they due to continuous fission of religious bodies. Independent groups living in the same continent were practicing different modes of religion. The overall changes are due to gradual ascendance of new , non-Vedic ideas, and the existing differences are due to interaction of independent groups who kept their separateness and reacted to each others cultural capital in different ways. The early Aryans themselves racially mixed, and showed a certain catholicity in taste, but the later conquerors, like the Mughals and the fairer British, have made public preference to fairness of complexion in women, though extreme fairness of skin in men is not valued much, at least in the south. Details of formal art forms, like rhyming, are different for different regions. In classical poetry there was no end-rhyming. In Prakrit poetry, especially in Marathi and sometimes in Ardhanagadhi, one finds the end-rhyme. Apparently, this practice influenced Marathi poetry, too. In the neighboring Karnataka, however, we have line which have a rhyme in the beginning and not at the end. All these differences, and also those in dress, ornaments, decoration of house, and food are partly regional, and partly found also in different castes of the same region. It is necessary to study this multiplicity region by region, and it will unfold a tale of cultural conservatism as also cultural borrowi ngs and changes due to cultural adjustments between separate ethnic groups. The peculiarity of Indian social life is that ethnic groups have lived separately from one another. They have devised a mode of inter-group behavior which avoids mutual interference or merging so that the identity of the original group is not lost. There has been fusion. There has also been fission within large groups, but the main cultural feature is the retention of group integrity. This type of social organization made it possible for certain groups to progress while certain other groups became progressively primitive. Although Indias present Constitution has many flaws like separate provision for different castes and creeds, particularly those who are backward and are schedules in the Constitution, the recent industrialization processes and agrarian reforms have brought about a new secular outlook which has given rise to the promotion of a new culture. The new generations of all cases, communities, religions, and sects are getting chance to come together in farms, factories, educational institutions, universities and government bodies for employment. This coming together has caused a blending of different cultures, emanating from difference communities or tribes, under the impact of modernization. Traditional rituals of the older generation are no more in vogue in the new secular communities which are coming up. The unity of interests and attitudes in economic, social and political fields is helping to accelerate the social processes which are giving common values, cultural traits, art forms, arch itecture, music and dramatics. All modern art activity is assimilating the basic cultural values of all tribes, and giving rise to what may be called national culture. However, our national problems lie in inability to distinguish between cultural imperatives and administrative and economic necessities to find out how a nation be built up from the foundation of cultural multiplicity. Each religion preaches purity of character, benevolence and piety along with honesty. Religious books are shown respect and honor by all. The people go on pilgrimage with respect and reverence. There is always devotion in prayers and so on. Basically all religions believed in religious toleration. In this way there is religious unity in the country. In India there is now great cultural unity. Indian philosophy of life, literature, customs and traditions are basically the same. The institutions like those of marriage etc. are found throughout the country. There are certain rituals and sanskaras which are observed throughout the country. Similarly there are many festivals which are celebrated with great zeal and vigor throughout India. We find a kind of emotional unity in the country. The very name of India or Bharat Mata brings us emotionally closer to each other. Though in India there are different languages and each language has its own literature, yet Sanskrit brings all emotionally together. We treat and consider Sanskrit as the mother of all Indian languages and that brings us emotionally together. Permanent elements of Indian culture are: Maximum stress is laid on spirituality and not just on the earning of wealth. Maximum stress has been laid on religion. Dharma or righteousness is promoted. A dharma or injustice should be checked. We are also reminded that even gods take birth as human beings to check the spread of a dharma and kill those who stand in the way of dharma. All along India culture has taught us to follow religious toleration. It implies that every religion must be given an opportunity to observe its ideology and viewpoint. It also means that every other religion must be shown respect for what is good in that. There should be no violence in religious affairs. Capacity to absorb all good cultures should have that capacity. Hinduism comes to the forefront in this respect. It has always either completely absorbed them or largely influenced all cultures. Indian culture is very wide I its approach to every problem. It lays stress on religion, spiritualism and salvation, without ignoring material and married life. It has always said that the people should be led according to Dharma. Stress on freedom of thought and expression, Hindu culture has always believed that culture becomes rich when the people have freedom of expression. Thoughts and expressions will enrich the culture and that will become dynamic. The unity to the desired extent is not achieved as there arise serious hindrances to national unity. Regionalism is not great hindrance. It implies that the region is above the nation. It should only be developed and the people of that region along should be given the benefits of their development. The region should have maximum autonomy in running its own administration. Regionalism should promote love for the region as well as for the nation as a whole. Now coming to the arguments put forth by Ramchandra Guha in his thoughts about India being an unnatural nation , or being a single divided nation. I think he does have enough examples to illustrate the fact that , yes India is a divided nation after all. The main aspect to understand here is , which factor is more overbearing. Nations are made of two things- Memories and Amnesia. The forgotten memories are best buried together by opposing groups and the good memories must be shared and cherished. Only then is kinship born .However, reality is different. Even if some people forget misfortunes, the rest never do. They pass it on to their successors, shaping their minds to avenge it. In India, secularism made its appearance not only as a concomitant of modernity and nationalism but also as an answer to communalism, another mode political with its pretentions to nationalism. The Hindu nationalism was a natural growth from the soil of India Jawaharlal Nehru wrote in the secular, modernist position and Muslim nationalism it inevitably comes in the way of the larger nationalism which rises above differences of religion and creed. While an ideal nation has images, policies and practices and its state continues to be debatable the nation state now has a powerful and tangible material, intellectual and spiritual force. Whenever an independent nation state is established, the connect with nationalism takes a backseat. This is due to the availability of resources for the oppressed, minority or unheard part of the population. Both Gandhi and Nehru believed that the idea of a nation as a singular space. Inspired from thinkers like Leo Tolstoy, Thoreau and Ruskin, Gandhis impeachment of modern civilization was a political project on behalf of India as a nation. An Important historical moment is the round table conference in London 1931-32, held for drawing the constitution for a future independent India. Gandhi went on a fast unto death in protest at Ambedkars attempt to have untouchables recognized as a minority community like the Muslims and Sikhs. This period is of great significance because it reflected the competing ideas about the legitimate place the citizenship of the community and the minority within what it meant to be Indian. Notions of fossilized communities, a majority Hindu population as well as liberal democratic ideals, had existed side by side in India for much of the nineteenth century. Prior to the insidious entry of the British, India was a wealthy nation also known as sone ki chidiya. The garments, the jewels and the food items were in surplus and of extremely good quality. India was imagined to be a prospering entity under rulers. The political instability gave way to British Raj, with the set up of the East India Company. The 200 years of British raj, had new systems introduces in the society like the land revenue system and postal system. These changed the lifestyle of Indians. Although the British did not consider Indians as civilized but the belief was that India is a close-knit nation and so they came up with the system of divide and rule. The much touted Swayamwar (selection of spouse by a princess in an open forum) is indicative of this deficiency and our total disregard for forging unity. Whereas matrimony amongst the royals in the Europe has always been an instrument of forging strategic alliances, Swayamwar invariably created more enemies than friends. All rejected princes and kings felt insulted, nursed a grudge and waited for an opportunity to take revenge to redeem their self-esteem. History bears testimony to the fact that every Swayamwar was followed by acrimony and internecine wars. Reverting to the role of the British, they never divided us to rule, simply because they did not need to. We have always been and continue to be a divided lot. Formation of states on linguistic basis was never attempted by the British. The Mandal Commission was not constituted or implemented by them. Nor was the Babri Masjid demolished by the British. The current agitation in Maharashtra has not been initiated by the East India Company. Caste based reservations and quota system, the prime splitter of the Indian body politic, were not invented by the erstwhile rulers. Nor are they preventing us from enacting a uniform civil code. The list is endless. We have a knack and penchant for generating innovative issues to divide ourselves. We are doing our best to ensure that we remain embroiled in petty bickering and internal dissentions. To us, our region, religion, caste and sub-caste are more important. Worse, we flaunt this narrow identity and give it precedence over nationalism. If after 60 years of independence, Kashmir and the North East are still not emotionally integrated with the country, the failure is ours.  Ã‚   Undoubtedly, the politicians are the fountainhead of all fissiparous tendencies. One does not have to be a visionary to predict the danger of abetting illegal migration from  Bangladesh  for garnering votes. North Indians in Mumbai are not welcome but illegal Bangladeshis can stay. If political leaders can imperil national security for the sake of power, they can stoop to any level. Sadly, they cannot be expected to change as they believe in the ends and not the means employed. To them, vote bank politics preclude letting countrymen stay united. Additionally, spineless and politicized bureaucracy simply follows their dictates and cannot be expected to deliver either. Immense damage is also being inflicted on the unity of the country by the media through its irresponsible and thoughtless reporting. For the sake of cheap sensational news, petty vandals are given the coverage befitting a mass leader. Every news item is reported with a religious, caste or creed slant a dalit girl molested in a Delhi bus (as if other women are not molested in Delhi buses) or church guard killed (in reality an argument between two security guards had turned violent) or Muslim driver runs over a boy (his being a Muslim is of no relevance). Thus I think , With all its problems and troubles, India always finds a way to hold itself together. India now has become extremely mature and practical about things. It does wait for a Cricket World Cup , Or a patriotic Bollywood movie to express its feeling of oneness , but the realization that being together , united , is the only way to progress and prosper has been established. So though I agree with M. Guhas arguments of India not being a single nation , I think thats essentially how India has been and will be. But the truth lies in the fact that we find our won ways to display unity and move ahead in our attempt to progress. India has learned to live with the fact that its a nation full of diversity and the tolerance levels hence created have made sure the diversity camouflages under the spirit of accepted oneness or uniqueness.

Privacy in work :: essays research papers

The Privacy of the individual is the most important right. It supports human dignity and other values such as freedom of association and freedom of speech. It has become one of the most important human rights of the modern age. Privacy is recognized around the world in various regions and cultures. Almost every country in the world includes a right of privacy in its constitution. Without privacy, the democratic system that we know would not exist. According to the Australian Privacy Charter â€Å"A free and democratic society requires respect for the autonomy of individuals, and limits on the power of both state and private organizations to intrude on that autonomy. The government we have today maintains and organizes our society. The elements of control are often viewed as violations of privacy. These elements are meant to protect us from irresponsible people and from hurting themselves. The laws that are in place still give privacy without invading personal lives or maybe they do invade in our lives? For some people violating into their personal life doesn’t mean anything but for other people it’s a huge problem. â€Å"Privacy is only violated when people feel they are being violated† â€Å"If people feel comfortable in their environment then privacy is not a worry† Privacy in the workplace is also becoming a problem. In American, more and more employers are monitoring their workers at job. In fact, according to the American Management Association, nearly tree quarters of U.S. companies now electronically monitor employees in several ways. Your employer can monitor your Internet usage, what sites you visit, how often, and for how long, as with e-mail. Telephone can also be a threat. If you are on the phone at work, your boss can listen in; your voice mail is also subject to monitoring. Employers own the phone system, so they can generally monitor it as they see well. Your boss can keep a record of the numbers you dial and how long you talk, and can listen to your voice mail messages, although there are some laws preventing companies from listening to employees personal calls. Furthermore Privacy can be divided into the following separate but related concepts: First of all we have the information Privacy or Data protection, which involves the establishment of rules governing the collection and handling of personal data such as credit information, and medical and government records. The second one is the Bodily privacy, which concerns the protection of people's physical selves against invasive procedures such as genetic tests, drug testing and cavity searches.

Culture and Imperialism, a Review of Edward Said Essay

Edward Said remains one of the best selling and well known of the social and literary theorists that deal with identity and nation in the post-colonial global setting. This field is saturated with work dealing with culture and identity formation, post-modern â€Å"epistemic communities,† and most importantly, the relationship between context (ethnic, religious or economic) relative to the formation of such communities. There can be no question that the reading of Said’s book must take place within the context of the American neo-conservative drive to dominate the planet in the name of a vaporous â€Å"democracy,† or even â€Å"free markets. † And for this reason, it is important for the author to establish his view on the United States as a â€Å"conqueror† power primarily, as her early history can be reduced to the â€Å"settler mentality. † Transplants from the imperial center to the imperial hinterlands, for Said is basically the same as the slave societies functioning in the Carribean Islands, as his understanding of Austin shows. America is a slave power and a conquering power in that her development cannot be separated from the systematic pillaging of native traditions and lands. What makes America more interesting is her ability to absorb many traditions, and, from that, to create an identity in a rather counter-intuitive sort of way. Even further, the claim is that such an imperial power has the ability to create unity out of disunity; of creating an identity out of cacophony. Austria, Russia and the Ottomans are just three other examples of predatory powers creating unity out of disunity, or, even more strangely, creating the imperial idea precisely from the materials of disunity, both ethnic and religious. This kind of dialectic, i. e. identity from opposing elements, is central to Said’s concept of identity formation in the context of domination and exploitation. The central argument here is that identity formation has been poorly treated in the historiographic tradition both of the west and of the post-colonial world. Authors have tended to target the functional, â€Å"static† aspects of identity and culture, without understanding, as a whole, the nature of the social context. In other words, social and economic exploitation is as much a part of post-colonial identity as the more static elements of language. In his own ethnic identity, that of the Palestinian, Said can competently say that his own identity exists not in a vacuum, but as intrinsically part of the cultural formation deriving from Turkish, British and Jewish forms of colonial rule. Hence, there is no â€Å"Palestine,† as a cultural formula outside of the multi-ethnic scope of domination and violent colonialization. There is a culture, but it is a culture of â€Å"resistance,† a culture whose very formation exists in a matrix of humiliation. Hence, Said creates a dialectic of his own, following the more common Hegelian logical notion of the conclusion being manufactured though opposition. Identity, as a thesis, is a dialogue deriving from resistance to power. But even more, the antithesis, this identity formation derives at least in part from the â€Å"literary† (speaking broadly) production of the post-colonial center. In other words, after the experience of colonialism, the former metropole continues to dominate the subject peoples from the point of view of literature itself, in fact, a form of identity formation often overlooked in the historical literature. Lastly, as a synthesis, Said holds that a post colonial idea of identity of a formerly subject people is a creation whose final end is indeterminate, and even in general strokes, is vulnerable to critique. The synthesis here is itself an extremely pessimistic concept of identity that leaves the formerly dominated to be forever controlled by the mass-language modes of communication. Communication itself is a form of political power and colonial domination. It is a common idea, driving in modern times from Benedict Anderson and Eric Hobsbawm, that the â€Å"nation† or â€Å"ethnos† is a contrived entity. This does not negate its use as a variable in analysis, but it does show some light on the nature of â€Å"tradition† considered very broadly. In short, Anderson has famously made the argument that the ethnos is a â€Å"imagined community† where the individual envisions himself part of a heritage and a history he had no part in making, and cannot ever hope to â€Å"experience† as a single entity. It is a series of mental images rather than as a set of incontrovertible facts. Hobsbawm, for his part, holds that the ethnos or nation is the synthetic creation not merely of a series of images, but that these images are the direct creation of elites who have a specific interest in development a sense of â€Å"unity† among a formerly disunified people. Mass media, standardized language and an industrial economy are all necessary for such basic cultural standardization to take place. Hence, the idea of a nation, while still useful to the social sciences, remains an entity without actual substance; a monstrous creation rather than a natural growth (cf. 15-18). Said holds to these views, but of course, provides the reader with the more general and inclusive category of international exploitation. While this is a broad category, it remains concrete, since, given the identity of any specific ethnic group, close analysis of its history shows not a â€Å"development† of an ethnic â€Å"idea,† but rather a life of domination, exploitation and manipulation that has forced a hasty and uncritical sense of self that is itself a distortion and the worst form of image manipulation. It is â€Å"unnatural† to the extreme, and hence the global context is highly alienated, since the bulk of the human population subscribe (passively, to be sure) to a sense of self that is a mere reaction of the ethnic immune system (210).